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Inflammation and immune response biomarkers

Chronic inflammatory processes are associated with a range of human diseases including cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune disorders. Understanding of inflammatory biomarkers and their role in disease onset and progression can help evaluate new therapeutic candidates for safety and efficacy.

 

Biomarkers such as 6Ckine, Adiponectin, and Agouti-Related Protein help regulate metabolic processes, reflecting inflammation and immune activation. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1, Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin, and Alpha-1-Antitrypsin are markers of systemic immune activation. Amphiregulin, Angiopoietin-1, and Annexin A1 are key in tissue repair and immune modulation. C-Reactive Protein (CRP), is a well-established marker of inflammation that is used with other markers such as E-Selectin, EN-RAGE, and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 to evaluate vascular inflammation and endothelial activation.

 

Cytokines such as Interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, IL-10), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and Interferon gamma are critical immune-signaling pathways. Macrophage-related markers like CD163, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF), and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor offer insight into macrophage activation and function. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and von Willebrand Factor provide information on angiogenesis and coagulation.

 

Multiplexes with inflammatory and immune-response biomarkers

The biomarkers below have demonstrated links to inflammation and immune response in the scientific literature. 

Click biomarkers for more information
1. Interferon gamma Induced Protein 10 2. Interferon gamma Induced Protein 10, long 3. Interferon gamma Induced Protein 10, short 4. Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant 5. Interleukin-1 alpha 6. Interleukin-1 beta 7. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist 8. Interleukin-10 9. Interleukin-11 10. Interleukin-12 Subunit p40 11. Interleukin-12 Subunit p70 12. Interleukin-13 13. Interleukin-15 14. Interleukin-16 15. Interleukin-17 16. Interleukin-18 17. Interleukin-18-binding protein 18. Interleukin-2 19. Interleukin-2 receptor alpha 20. Interleukin-22 21. Interleukin-23 22. Interleukin-25 23. Interleukin-3 24. Interleukin-31 25. Interleukin-4 26. Interleukin-5 27. Interleukin-6 28. Interleukin-6 receptor 29. Interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta 30. Interleukin-7 31. Interleukin-8 32. Lactoferrin 33. Lectin-Like Oxidized LDL Receptor 1 34. Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 35. Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 beta 36. Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha 37. Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 beta 38. Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 alpha 39. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor 40. Macrophage-Derived Chemokine 41. Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 42. Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 43. Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 44. Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 45. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 46. MHC class I chain-related protein A 47. Midkine 48. Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 49. Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 50. Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 3 51. Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 4 52. Monokine Induced by Gamma Interferon 53. Myeloperoxidase 54. Nerve Growth Factor beta 55. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin 56. Oncostatin-M 57. Osteopontin 58. P-Selectin 59. P-Selectin 60. Pentraxin-3 61. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 62. Progesterone 63. Progranulin 64. Progranulin 65. Pulmonary and Activation-Regulated Chemokine 66. Receptor for advanced glycosylation end products 67. Resistin 68. Serotransferrin 69. Serum Amyloid A Protein 70. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase 71. ST2 72. Stem Cell Factor 73. T Lymphocyte-Secreted Protein I-309 74. T-Cell-Specific Protein RANTES 75. Tenascin-X 76. Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor 77. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine 78. Thymus-Expressed Chemokine 79. Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1 80. Transforming Growth Factor alpha 81. Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha 82. Tumor Necrosis Factor beta 83. Vitamin D-Binding Protein 84. von Willebrand Factor 85. YKL-40 86. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 87. Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor I 88. Tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology domains 1 89. Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 90. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 91. 6Ckine 92. Adiponectin 93. Agouti-Related Protein 94. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 95. Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin 96. Alpha-1-Antitrypsin 97. Alpha-2-Macroglobulin 98. Amphiregulin 99. Angiopoietin-1 100. Annexin A1 101. Antileukoproteinase 102. Apolipoprotein E 103. B cell-activating factor 104. B Lymphocyte Chemoattractant 105. Beta Amyloid 1-40 106. Beta Amyloid 1-42 107. Beta-2-Microglobulin 108. C-Reactive Protein 109. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 110. CD 40 antigen 111. CD163 112. CD40 Ligand 113. CD5 Antigen-like 114. Chemerin 115. Complement C1q Antibody 116. Complement C3 117. Complement component C1q receptor 118. Cortisol 119. E-Selectin 120. EN-RAGE 121. Endothelin-1 122. Eotaxin-1 123. Eotaxin-2 124. Eotaxin-3 125. Epidermal Growth Factor 126. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 127. Epithelial-Derived Neutrophil-Activating Protein 78 128. Factor VII 129. Ferritin 130. Fibrinogen 131. Ficolin-3 132. Galectin-3 133. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor 134. Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor 135. Growth-Regulated alpha protein 136. Growth/differentiation factor 15 137. Haptoglobin 138. Heat Shock Protein 60 139. Hemopexin 140. Immunoglobulin A 141. Immunoglobulin E 142. Immunoglobulin M 143. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 144. Interferon alpha 145. Interferon gamma