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Diabetes and metabolic biomarkers

Metabolic disorders include diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hypertension and atherosclerosis. The pathophysiology of these diseases is complex and requires analysis of biomarkers that span a wide spectrum of metabolic pathways. RBM offers a suite of biomarkers to help evaluate therapeutics targeting diabetes and other metabolic conditions. The combination of various biomarkers can help provide an understanding of the metabolic response to new therapeutics.

 

Adiponectin helps regulate glucose and fatty acids, with low levels associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) influences cortisol production, impacting glucose metabolism. Agouti-Related Protein (AgRP) regulates appetite and energy balance. Aldose Reductase is involved in glucose metabolism. Angiopoietin-related protein 3 plays a role in blood vessel formation and stability. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Angiotensinogen are part of the renin-angiotensin system, affecting blood pressure and fluid balance. Apolipoproteins are involved in lipid transport and metabolism. C-Peptide reflects insulin production.

 

Complement C3 is part of the immune response. Cortisol affects glucose metabolism and stress response. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) influences incretin hormones, affecting insulin secretion. Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins (FABPs) are involved in lipid transport and metabolism. Glucagon raises blood glucose levels. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) enhances insulin secretion. Heat Shock Protein 60 (HSP60) is involved in stress response. Insulin is crucial for glucose uptake. Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) influences growth and metabolism. Leptin regulates energy balance and appetite. Methylglyoxal is a byproduct of glucose metabolism. Omentin is involved in metabolic regulation. Osteocalcin is related to glucose regulation. Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) regulates pancreatic function. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is involved in lipid metabolism. Peptide YY (PYY) regulates appetite. Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor (PEDF) has anti-angiogenic properties. Proinsulin is a precursor to insulin. Prolactin influences lactation and metabolism. Resistin affects insulin sensitivity. Retinol-Binding Protein 4 (RBP-4) is involved in lipid transport. Secretin regulates digestive enzyme secretion. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) binds sex hormones. Testosterone influences metabolism and muscle mass. Thrombomodulin is involved in coagulation. Visfatin is related to insulin-mimetic activity.

Multiplexes with metabolic biomarkers

These biomarkers have demonstrated links to diabetes and other metabolic conditions in the scientific literature.
1. Adiponectin 2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 3. Agouti-Related Protein 4. Aldose Reductase 5. Angiopoietin-related protein 3 6. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 7. Angiotensinogen 8. Apolipoprotein A-I 9. Apolipoprotein A-II 10. Apolipoprotein A-IV 11. Apolipoprotein B 12. Apolipoprotein C-I 13. Apolipoprotein C-III 14. Apolipoprotein D 15. Apolipoprotein E 16. Apolipoprotein H 17. Beta-hexosaminidase subunit alpha 18. C-Peptide 19. Chemerin 20. Chromogranin-A 21. Clusterin 22. Complement C3 23. Cortisol 24. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV 25. Fatty Acid-Binding Protein, adipocyte 26. Fatty Acid-Binding Protein, liver 27. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone 28. Galanin 29. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide 30. Glucagon 31. Glucagon-like Peptide 1, active 32. Heat Shock Protein 60 33. Insulin 34. Insulin-like Growth Factor I 35. Interleukin-6 36. Lactoylglutathione lyase 37. Lectin-Like Oxidized LDL Receptor 1 38. Leptin 39. Leptin Receptor 40. Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol 41. Luteinizing Hormone 42. Methylglyoxal 43. Omentin 44. Osteocalcin 45. Pancreatic Polypeptide 46. Paraoxonase-1 47. Peptide YY 48. Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor 49. Progesterone 50. Proinsulin, Intact 51. Proinsulin, Total 52. Prolactin 53. Receptor for advanced glycosylation end products 54. Resistin 55. Retinol-binding protein 4 56. S100 calcium-binding protein B 57. Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 58. Secretin 59. Selenoprotein P 60. Serum Amyloid A Protein 61. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin 62. Testosterone, Total 63. Thrombomodulin 64. Visceral adipose tissue - derived serpin A12 65. Visfatin